Every figure is an observed minimum, not a developer count. The true number is higher. How to read it

Country	Active developers	Change on previous quarter	Change on a year earlier	Active again from last quarter	Multichain share
Tracked African markets	≥ 1,182	-12.2%	-44.2%	57.1%	24.6%
Nigeria	≥ 819	-4.9%	-33.2%	63.6%	28.3%
Kenya	≥ 155	-26.5%	-66.1%	44.5%	16.8%
South Africa	≥ 208	-24.1%	-52.4%	46.0%	15.9%
EgyptContext only	≥ 266	-22.7%	-37.1%	45.3%	9.4%
GhanaContext only	not published	not published	not published	not published	not published

Tracked African markets is Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa, each developer counted once. Egypt and Ghana are context and are never added into it. Rows are in a fixed order, not ranked: how many developers can be placed differs by country. Every count is an observed minimum; “not published” marks a withheld period or a share of fewer than 50 developers.

Active developers by contribution intensity, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa

Observed minimums, split by contribution days in the period. The three bands partition the total, so the stack height is the total.

Occasional (under 10 days)
Sustained (10 to 49 days)
Heavy (50 days or more)

Show as table

Period	All	Occasional (under 10 days)	Sustained (10 to 49 days)	Heavy (50 days or more)
Q1 2019	≥ 299	≥ 257	≥ 38	≥ 4
Q2 2019	≥ 312	≥ 266	≥ 42	≥ 4
Q3 2019	≥ 332	≥ 279	≥ 49	≥ 4
Q4 2019	≥ 348	≥ 288	≥ 57	≥ 3
Q1 2020	≥ 395	≥ 337	≥ 52	≥ 6
Q2 2020	≥ 470	≥ 404	≥ 60	≥ 6
Q3 2020	≥ 486	≥ 407	≥ 71	≥ 8
Q4 2020	≥ 479	≥ 408	≥ 67	≥ 4
Q1 2021	≥ 479	≥ 390	≥ 79	≥ 10
Q2 2021	≥ 600	≥ 492	≥ 100	≥ 8
Q3 2021	≥ 660	≥ 531	≥ 115	≥ 14
Q4 2021	≥ 730	≥ 552	≥ 171	≥ 7
Q1 2022	≥ 944	≥ 752	≥ 182	≥ 10
Q2 2022	≥ 1,079	≥ 831	≥ 235	≥ 13
Q3 2022	≥ 1,182	≥ 928	≥ 233	≥ 21
Q4 2022	≥ 1,233	≥ 982	≥ 240	≥ 11
Q1 2023	≥ 1,075	≥ 841	≥ 218	≥ 16
Q2 2023	≥ 1,042	≥ 802	≥ 229	≥ 11
Q3 2023	≥ 1,124	≥ 879	≥ 226	≥ 19
Q4 2023	≥ 1,299	≥ 1,056	≥ 228	≥ 15
Q1 2024	≥ 1,179	≥ 911	≥ 246	≥ 22
Q2 2024	≥ 1,339	≥ 1,003	≥ 309	≥ 27
Q3 2024	≥ 1,472	≥ 1,098	≥ 342	≥ 32
Q4 2024	≥ 1,492	≥ 1,108	≥ 349	≥ 35
Q1 2025	≥ 1,579	≥ 1,137	≥ 403	≥ 39
Q2 2025	≥ 2,149	≥ 1,540	≥ 553	≥ 56
Q3 2025	≥ 2,120	≥ 1,382	≥ 634	≥ 104
Q4 2025	≥ 1,897	≥ 1,293	≥ 542	≥ 62
Q1 2026	≥ 1,850	≥ 1,236	≥ 538	≥ 76
Q2 2026	≥ 1,346	≥ 886	≥ 410	≥ 50
Q3 2026	≥ 1,182	≥ 766	≥ 376	≥ 40

Active developers by tenure

Time since each developer's first contribution, at the end of the quarter. Observed minimums.

Under 1 year
1 to 2 years
2 years or more

Show as table

Period	Under 1 year	1 to 2 years	2 years or more
Q1 2019	≥ 189	≥ 37	≥ 73
Q2 2019	≥ 216	≥ 29	≥ 67
Q3 2019	≥ 214	≥ 37	≥ 81
Q4 2019	≥ 212	≥ 53	≥ 83
Q1 2020	≥ 241	≥ 62	≥ 92
Q2 2020	≥ 297	≥ 63	≥ 110
Q3 2020	≥ 317	≥ 56	≥ 113
Q4 2020	≥ 298	≥ 47	≥ 134
Q1 2021	≥ 287	≥ 61	≥ 131
Q2 2021	≥ 374	≥ 73	≥ 153
Q3 2021	≥ 415	≥ 83	≥ 162
Q4 2021	≥ 452	≥ 93	≥ 185
Q1 2022	≥ 628	≥ 102	≥ 214
Q2 2022	≥ 747	≥ 110	≥ 222
Q3 2022	≥ 810	≥ 134	≥ 238
Q4 2022	≥ 805	≥ 179	≥ 249
Q1 2023	≥ 638	≥ 186	≥ 251
Q2 2023	≥ 579	≥ 171	≥ 292
Q3 2023	≥ 599	≥ 207	≥ 318
Q4 2023	≥ 706	≥ 225	≥ 368
Q1 2024	≥ 611	≥ 197	≥ 371
Q2 2024	≥ 660	≥ 196	≥ 483
Q3 2024	≥ 780	≥ 198	≥ 494
Q4 2024	≥ 739	≥ 206	≥ 547
Q1 2025	≥ 793	≥ 217	≥ 569
Q2 2025	≥ 1,155	≥ 287	≥ 707
Q3 2025	≥ 1,034	≥ 339	≥ 747
Q4 2025	≥ 877	≥ 300	≥ 720
Q1 2026	≥ 797	≥ 334	≥ 719
Q2 2026	≥ 576	≥ 234	≥ 536
Q3 2026	≥ 524	≥ 201	≥ 457

Single-chain and multichain developers

Developers contributing to one chain, or to two or more, in the quarter. Observed minimums.

One chain
Two or more chains

Show as table

Period	One chain	Two or more chains
Q1 2019	≥ 291	≥ 8
Q2 2019	≥ 310	≥ 2
Q3 2019	≥ 326	≥ 6
Q4 2019	≥ 339	≥ 9
Q1 2020	≥ 387	≥ 8
Q2 2020	≥ 459	≥ 11
Q3 2020	≥ 466	≥ 20
Q4 2020	≥ 460	≥ 19
Q1 2021	≥ 455	≥ 24
Q2 2021	≥ 570	≥ 30
Q3 2021	≥ 616	≥ 44
Q4 2021	≥ 649	≥ 81
Q1 2022	≥ 827	≥ 117
Q2 2022	≥ 942	≥ 137
Q3 2022	≥ 1,037	≥ 145
Q4 2022	≥ 1,066	≥ 167
Q1 2023	≥ 963	≥ 112
Q2 2023	≥ 937	≥ 105
Q3 2023	≥ 1,023	≥ 101
Q4 2023	≥ 1,204	≥ 95
Q1 2024	≥ 1,058	≥ 121
Q2 2024	≥ 1,200	≥ 139
Q3 2024	≥ 1,295	≥ 177
Q4 2024	≥ 1,294	≥ 198
Q1 2025	≥ 1,310	≥ 269
Q2 2025	≥ 1,733	≥ 416
Q3 2025	≥ 1,675	≥ 445
Q4 2025	≥ 1,516	≥ 381
Q1 2026	≥ 1,472	≥ 378
Q2 2026	≥ 982	≥ 364
Q3 2026	≥ 891	≥ 291

New developers by month

New: first-ever contribution that month. Newly visible: older contributors who appeared that month because the source added a project they worked on (an approximation, from 2020); its spikes mark the source adding projects in batches. Recent months rise in later releases.

New developers
Newly visible

Show as table

Period	New developers	Newly visible
Jan 2019	≥ 43	not published
Feb 2019	≥ 41	not published
Mar 2019	≥ 42	not published
Apr 2019	≥ 58	not published
May 2019	≥ 47	not published
Jun 2019	≥ 51	not published
Jul 2019	≥ 38	not published
Aug 2019	≥ 52	not published
Sept 2019	≥ 49	not published
Oct 2019	≥ 67	not published
Nov 2019	≥ 35	not published
Dec 2019	≥ 38	not published
Jan 2020	≥ 56	≥ 5
Feb 2020	≥ 65	≥ 26
Mar 2020	≥ 56	≥ 2
Apr 2020	≥ 53	≥ 257
May 2020	≥ 81	≥ 17
Jun 2020	≥ 77	≥ 9
Jul 2020	≥ 80	≥ 5
Aug 2020	≥ 80	≥ 7
Sept 2020	≥ 74	≥ 21
Oct 2020	≥ 104	≥ 19
Nov 2020	≥ 65	≥ 36
Dec 2020	≥ 44	≥ 12
Jan 2021	≥ 57	≥ 5
Feb 2021	≥ 50	≥ 1
Mar 2021	≥ 83	≥ 2
Apr 2021	≥ 82	≥ 3
May 2021	≥ 69	≥ 0
Jun 2021	≥ 94	≥ 9
Jul 2021	≥ 100	≥ 4
Aug 2021	≥ 91	≥ 5
Sept 2021	≥ 81	≥ 24
Oct 2021	≥ 120	≥ 129
Nov 2021	≥ 97	≥ 20
Dec 2021	≥ 93	≥ 49
Jan 2022	≥ 118	≥ 8
Feb 2022	≥ 128	≥ 13
Mar 2022	≥ 179	≥ 2
Apr 2022	≥ 173	≥ 7
May 2022	≥ 167	≥ 11
Jun 2022	≥ 144	≥ 16
Jul 2022	≥ 155	≥ 40
Aug 2022	≥ 192	≥ 20
Sept 2022	≥ 177	≥ 45
Oct 2022	≥ 253	≥ 20
Nov 2022	≥ 140	≥ 32
Dec 2022	≥ 103	≥ 31
Jan 2023	≥ 128	≥ 29
Feb 2023	≥ 122	≥ 20
Mar 2023	≥ 148	≥ 28
Apr 2023	≥ 144	≥ 44
May 2023	≥ 111	≥ 255
Jun 2023	≥ 100	≥ 28
Jul 2023	≥ 126	≥ 38
Aug 2023	≥ 151	≥ 14
Sept 2023	≥ 138	≥ 19
Oct 2023	≥ 176	≥ 19
Nov 2023	≥ 130	≥ 11
Dec 2023	≥ 183	≥ 42
Jan 2024	≥ 145	≥ 15
Feb 2024	≥ 97	≥ 6
Mar 2024	≥ 172	≥ 21
Apr 2024	≥ 136	≥ 15
May 2024	≥ 132	≥ 10
Jun 2024	≥ 142	≥ 32
Jul 2024	≥ 169	≥ 41
Aug 2024	≥ 169	≥ 65
Sept 2024	≥ 158	≥ 16
Oct 2024	≥ 174	≥ 326
Nov 2024	≥ 147	≥ 55
Dec 2024	≥ 104	≥ 12
Jan 2025	≥ 161	≥ 7
Feb 2025	≥ 155	≥ 7
Mar 2025	≥ 161	≥ 368
Apr 2025	≥ 164	≥ 279
May 2025	≥ 284	≥ 32
Jun 2025	≥ 201	≥ 19
Jul 2025	≥ 186	≥ 26
Aug 2025	≥ 173	≥ 40
Sept 2025	≥ 151	≥ 220
Oct 2025	≥ 171	≥ 104
Nov 2025	≥ 130	≥ 51
Dec 2025	≥ 121	≥ 74
Jan 2026	≥ 118	≥ 116
Feb 2026	≥ 137	≥ 98
Mar 2026	≥ 159	≥ 13
Apr 2026	≥ 96	≥ 1
May 2026	≥ 88	≥ 0
Jun 2026	≥ 109	≥ 0
Jul 2026	≥ 100	≥ 1
Aug 2026	≥ 76	≥ 0
Sept 2026	≥ 53	≥ 0

New repositories by month

Repositories created that month that these developers contributed to, and existing repositories (over 90 days old) that received their first contribution from them that month.

Newly created
Existing, first contribution

Show as table

Period	Newly created	Existing, first contribution
Jan 2019	≥ 59	≥ 34
Feb 2019	≥ 52	≥ 24
Mar 2019	≥ 80	≥ 31
Apr 2019	≥ 56	≥ 20
May 2019	≥ 56	≥ 28
Jun 2019	≥ 83	≥ 23
Jul 2019	≥ 55	≥ 31
Aug 2019	≥ 66	≥ 23
Sept 2019	≥ 67	≥ 33
Oct 2019	≥ 79	≥ 44
Nov 2019	≥ 77	≥ 21
Dec 2019	≥ 70	≥ 16
Jan 2020	≥ 75	≥ 20
Feb 2020	≥ 73	≥ 34
Mar 2020	≥ 93	≥ 27
Apr 2020	≥ 99	≥ 29
May 2020	≥ 87	≥ 27
Jun 2020	≥ 72	≥ 38
Jul 2020	≥ 81	≥ 38
Aug 2020	≥ 91	≥ 39
Sept 2020	≥ 81	≥ 33
Oct 2020	≥ 104	≥ 56
Nov 2020	≥ 80	≥ 38
Dec 2020	≥ 64	≥ 31
Jan 2021	≥ 70	≥ 46
Feb 2021	≥ 63	≥ 40
Mar 2021	≥ 104	≥ 40
Apr 2021	≥ 95	≥ 49
May 2021	≥ 107	≥ 37
Jun 2021	≥ 92	≥ 49
Jul 2021	≥ 111	≥ 53
Aug 2021	≥ 118	≥ 51
Sept 2021	≥ 147	≥ 42
Oct 2021	≥ 167	≥ 47
Nov 2021	≥ 182	≥ 34
Dec 2021	≥ 177	≥ 34
Jan 2022	≥ 236	≥ 48
Feb 2022	≥ 213	≥ 70
Mar 2022	≥ 294	≥ 73
Apr 2022	≥ 331	≥ 77
May 2022	≥ 303	≥ 69
Jun 2022	≥ 269	≥ 82
Jul 2022	≥ 297	≥ 90
Aug 2022	≥ 261	≥ 63
Sept 2022	≥ 270	≥ 74
Oct 2022	≥ 293	≥ 83
Nov 2022	≥ 273	≥ 72
Dec 2022	≥ 214	≥ 47
Jan 2023	≥ 201	≥ 73
Feb 2023	≥ 187	≥ 62
Mar 2023	≥ 249	≥ 64
Apr 2023	≥ 177	≥ 51
May 2023	≥ 185	≥ 64
Jun 2023	≥ 180	≥ 70
Jul 2023	≥ 179	≥ 88
Aug 2023	≥ 204	≥ 76
Sept 2023	≥ 181	≥ 55
Oct 2023	≥ 176	≥ 78
Nov 2023	≥ 197	≥ 54
Dec 2023	≥ 218	≥ 57
Jan 2024	≥ 217	≥ 64
Feb 2024	≥ 222	≥ 84
Mar 2024	≥ 223	≥ 119
Apr 2024	≥ 254	≥ 88
May 2024	≥ 278	≥ 86
Jun 2024	≥ 316	≥ 72
Jul 2024	≥ 362	≥ 97
Aug 2024	≥ 405	≥ 84
Sept 2024	≥ 415	≥ 89
Oct 2024	≥ 356	≥ 100
Nov 2024	≥ 293	≥ 89
Dec 2024	≥ 259	≥ 71
Jan 2025	≥ 262	≥ 101
Feb 2025	≥ 326	≥ 85
Mar 2025	≥ 446	≥ 102
Apr 2025	≥ 534	≥ 109
May 2025	≥ 697	≥ 115
Jun 2025	≥ 701	≥ 79
Jul 2025	≥ 495	≥ 129
Aug 2025	≥ 453	≥ 104
Sept 2025	≥ 457	≥ 106
Oct 2025	≥ 561	≥ 102
Nov 2025	≥ 377	≥ 82
Dec 2025	≥ 296	≥ 68
Jan 2026	≥ 340	≥ 123
Feb 2026	≥ 269	≥ 98
Mar 2026	≥ 71	≥ 117
Apr 2026	≥ 13	≥ 78
May 2026	≥ 26	≥ 103
Jun 2026	≥ 52	≥ 78
Jul 2026	≥ 18	≥ 59
Aug 2026	≥ 5	≥ 56
Sept 2026	≥ 3	≥ 42

Retention and progression

Shares within the observed developers. Published only over at least 50 developers. Newcomers are those whose first contribution fell in the quarter; progression is occasional contributors (under 10 days) who stayed active and reached 10 or more days the next quarter. Contribution days measure activity, not employment.

Active again from last quarter
Newcomers active next quarter
Newcomers active a year later
Occasional to sustained

Q1 2019: not published. Part of this series is not published here; the other series are. Why
Q4 2025 to Q3 2026: not published. Part of this series is not published here; the other series are. Why

Show as table

Period	Active again from last quarter	Newcomers active next quarter	Newcomers active a year later	Occasional to sustained
Q1 2019	not published	16.7%	17.5%	not published
Q2 2019	35.1%	26.3%	14.7%	13.8%
Q3 2019	41.7%	20.1%	13.7%	16.5%
Q4 2019	39.5%	17.1%	7.1%	15.1%
Q1 2020	41.7%	29.9%	13.6%	13.3%
Q2 2020	44.3%	18.0%	10.4%	12.9%
Q3 2020	35.3%	16.7%	9.8%	19.6%
Q4 2020	35.4%	22.1%	11.3%	9.9%
Q1 2021	40.3%	28.9%	15.3%	19.7%
Q2 2021	47.0%	27.3%	12.2%	22.9%
Q3 2021	46.3%	29.8%	18.8%	17.9%
Q4 2021	42.4%	33.2%	19.4%	28.3%
Q1 2022	49.6%	32.9%	13.6%	18.3%
Q2 2022	48.3%	26.0%	9.7%	22.1%
Q3 2022	45.9%	26.7%	12.8%	18.3%
Q4 2022	44.4%	20.8%	12.1%	19.7%
Q1 2023	40.2%	22.4%	11.1%	19.2%
Q2 2023	44.7%	20.0%	11.5%	20.3%
Q3 2023	44.8%	22.9%	11.3%	19.6%
Q4 2023	45.6%	19.4%	12.7%	20.0%
Q1 2024	40.4%	27.8%	13.3%	22.2%
Q2 2024	51.1%	31.2%	20.7%	24.7%
Q3 2024	52.0%	32.9%	25.8%	21.3%
Q4 2024	51.6%	31.1%	21.6%	19.2%
Q1 2025	51.4%	48.6%	25.2%	25.3%
Q2 2025	64.9%	37.9%	8.2%	26.0%
Q3 2025	58.5%	36.9%	7.6%	29.9%
Q4 2025	55.8%	35.1%	not published	21.7%
Q1 2026	56.1%	41.1%	not published	25.2%
Q2 2026	47.6%	51.9%	not published	22.0%
Q3 2026	57.1%	not published	not published	24.1%

Crypto developers in Africa's tracked markets

Tracked African markets, Q3 2026

Key findings, Q3 2026

Countries, Q3 2026

Activity over time

Published reports

Ecosystem participation

Active developers by contribution intensity, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa

Active developers by tenure

Single-chain and multichain developers

New developers by month

New repositories by month

Retention and progression

Tracked African markets, Q3 2026

Key findings, Q3 2026

Countries, Q3 2026

Activity over time

Published reports

Ecosystem participation

Share of active developers contributing, Q3 2026

Active developers by contribution intensity, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa

Active developers by tenure

Single-chain and multichain developers

New developers by month

New repositories by month

Retention and progression